This study investigates the interannual variability of internal tide (IT) energetics in the Eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) by synthesizing ocean reanalysis data (1993–2023) with high‐resolution numerical simulations. Focusing on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), we analyze three distinct climatic phases: concurrent El Niño and positive IOD, pure positive IOD, and concurrent La Niña with negative IOD. The results reveal significant modulation of barotropic‐to‐baroclinic energy conversion, with semidiurnal tides peaking during pre‐monsoon and winter, and diurnal tides maximizing during monsoon and winter. Energy conversion is consistently enhanced during positive IOD years, particularly when coincident with El Niño, with the most pronounced effects in the southern sector during January, April, and October. During peak IOD phases, energy conversion increases by up to 58% compared to La Niña–negative IOD conditions, regardless of tidal frequency or generation site. Both IT propagation and dissipation are similarly enhanced during positive IOD years. Reanalysis data attribute this amplification to strengthened density stratification, driven by weaker wind forcing, increased net surface heat flux, and reduced vertical mixing during positive IOD and El Niño events. These findings provide new insights into the climate‐driven regulation of IT dynamics, underscoring the substantial role of ENSO and IOD in modulating the energy budget, mixing, and circulation of the EAS. This study investigates how major climate patterns influence internal tides in the Eastern Arabian Sea. Internal tides are waves that travel beneath the ocean surface at tidal frequencies. We focus on two dominant climate modes. The first is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which consists of alternating warm and cool phases in the Pacific Ocean. The second is the Indian Ocean Dipole, or IOD, which is defined by temperature differences across the Indian Ocean. We used 30 years of historical data and computer simulations to analyze how these climate patterns affect the strength of internal tides. We found that the energy of these underwater waves increases significantly during positive IOD years, especially when combined with El Niño events. Specifically, the generation of internal tides rises by up to 58% during these periods compared to La Niña years. This amplification occurs because these climate phases bring warmer surface waters and weaker winds. These conditions create stronger density layers in the ocean, known as stratification. Stronger stratification allows surface tides to transfer more energy into internal waves. These findings are important because internal tides drive ocean mixing, which influences nutrient distribution for marine life and regulates regional ocean circulation. High‐resolution simulations show that ENSO‐IOD drives significant interannual variability in internal tide energetics over the Eastern Arabian Sea Positive IOD and El Niño events enhance stratification via surface heating and weak winds, amplifying energy conversion Energy conversion increases by up to 58% during peak Positive IOD compared to La Niña/Negative IOD, with concurrent increase in dissipation High‐resolution simulations show that ENSO‐IOD drives significant interannual variability in internal tide energetics over the Eastern Arabian Sea Positive IOD and El Niño events enhance stratification via surface heating and weak winds, amplifying energy conversion Energy conversion increases by up to 58% during peak Positive IOD compared to La Niña/Negative IOD, with concurrent increase in dissipation
@article{makar2026,year={2026},month=feb,title={Impact of {ENSO} and {IOD} on the Interannual Variability of Internal Tides and Its Energy Budget Over the Eastern Arabian Sea},author={Makar, Pragnya and Rao, A. D. and Yadidya, Badarvada and Pant, Vimlesh},journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},issn={2169-9275},doi={10.1029/2025jc023282},number={3},volume={131},dimensions={true},}
BAMS
A Multi-Agency Experiment on Internal Wave Energy, Mixing, and Interactions and their Representation in Global Ocean Models and Operational Forecasts
Maarten C. Buijsman, Amy F. Waterhouse, Edward D. Zaron, Badarvada Yadidya, Chengzhu Xu, and 32 more authors
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Jan 2026
@article{BAMS2025_NOPP,author={Buijsman, Maarten C. and Waterhouse, Amy F. and Zaron, Edward D. and Yadidya, Badarvada and Xu, Chengzhu and Whitley, Victoria and Wenegrat, Jacob O. and Wang, Jinbo and Wallcraft, Alan J. and Varma, Dheeraj and Tchonang, Babette C. and Siyanbola, Oladeji and Shriver, Jay F. and Sheremet, Vitalii A. and Send, Uwe and Raja, Keshav J. and Polzin, Kurt and Ngodock, Hans E. and Moulin, Aurelie J. and Meiners, Grant and Lucas, Andrew J. and Lankhorst, Matthias and Kuehl, Joseph J. and Kelly, Samuel M. and Kachelein, Luke and Huang, Yonglin and Griffin, Caeli and Girton, James B. and Farrar, J. Thomas and Delpech, Audrey and Chen, Zihan and Chassignet, Eric P. and Carrier, Matthew J. and Bracco, Annalisa and Arbic, Brian K. and Andres, Magdalena and Abdulfatai, Mujeeb A.},title={A Multi-Agency Experiment on Internal Wave Energy, Mixing, and Interactions and their Representation in Global Ocean Models and Operational Forecasts},journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},year={2026},month=jan,publisher={American Meteorological Society},address={Boston MA, USA},volume={107},number={1},doi={10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0174.1},pages={E158 - E182},url={https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/aop/BAMS-D-24-0174.1/BAMS-D-24-0174.1.xml},dimensions={true},}
2025
ESS
Advancing Internal Tide Correction for SWOT Cal/Val: The Role of Ocean Forecasts
Badarvada Yadidya, Brian K. Arbic, Jay F. Shriver, Edward D. Zaron, Maarten C. Buijsman, and 3 more authors
Internal tides are sub‐surface inertia‐gravity waves that generate significant sea surface height signals detectable with satellite altimetry. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides an exciting opportunity to characterize these signals with unprecedented spatial detail. Separating tidal and non‐tidal oceanic signals is necessary for achieving the SWOT mission’s objective of advancing our understanding of mesoscale and submesoscale processes. In this study, we evaluate the performance of a data‐assimilative HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) forecast system in resolving both phase‐locked and non‐phase‐locked internal tides during the SWOT Cal/Val period. We compare HYCOM’s effectiveness to the High‐Resolution Empirical Tide model (HRET22), which is currently used for internal tide corrections but only accounts for the phase‐locked component. HYCOM achieves an average of 5% greater reduction in phase‐locked internal tide variance and a 24.6% greater total variance reduction compared to HRET22 by also accounting for non‐phase‐locked internal tides.
@article{yadidya2025ess,year={2025},month=nov,title={Advancing Internal Tide Correction for {SWOT} Cal/Val: The Role of Ocean Forecasts},author={Yadidya, Badarvada and Arbic, Brian K. and Shriver, Jay F. and Zaron, Edward D. and Buijsman, Maarten C. and Carrère, Loren and Tchilibou, Michel and Uchida, Takaya},journal={Earth and Space Science},issn={2333-5084},doi={10.1029/2025ea004511},number={11},volume={12},_google_scholar_id={M3ejUd6NZC8C},dimensions={true},}
Data
Replication Data for: "Advancing Internal Tide Correction for SWOT Cal/Val: The Role of Ocean Forecasts"
@article{yadidyacalvaldataset2025,year={2025},month=oct,title={Internal Tide {SSH} Corrections for {SWOT} Cal/Val from a {HYCOM} Forecast System},author={Yadidya, Badarvada and Shriver, Jay and Arbic, Brian K},doi={10.7910/dvn/qquqnz},url={https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QQUQNZ}}
ESS
Dynamic Mode Decomposition of Geostrophically Balanced Motions from SWOT Cal/Val in the separated Gulf Stream
Takaya Uchida, Badarvada Yadidya, Karl E Lapo, Xiaobiao Xu, Jeffrey J Early, and 6 more authors
@article{uchida2025,year={2025},month=aug,title={Dynamic Mode Decomposition of Geostrophically Balanced Motions from {SWOT} Cal/Val in the separated Gulf Stream},author={Uchida, Takaya and Yadidya, Badarvada and Lapo, Karl E and Xu, Xiaobiao and Early, Jeffrey J and Arbic, Brian K and Menemenlis, Dimitris and Hiron, Luna and Chassignet, Eric P and Shriver, Jay F and others},journal={Earth and Space Science},doi={10.1029/2024ea004079},_google_scholar_id={KlAtU1dfN6UC},dimensions={true},}
JGR: Oceans
Seasonal Variability of Internal Tides and Associated Energy Budget Over the Eastern Arabian Sea: Observations and Modeling
Pragnya Makar, A. D. Rao, B. Yadidya, and Vimlesh Pant
@article{makar2025,year={2025},month=jul,title={Seasonal Variability of Internal Tides and Associated Energy Budget Over the Eastern Arabian Sea: Observations and Modeling},author={Makar, Pragnya and Rao, A. D. and Yadidya, B. and Pant, Vimlesh},journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},issn={2169-9275},doi={10.1029/2024jc021529},_google_scholar_id={Zph67rFs4hoC},number={7},volume={130},dimensions={true},}
2024
GRL
Phase‐Accurate Internal Tides in a Global Ocean Forecast Model: Potential Applications for Nadir and Wide‐Swath Altimetry
Badarvada Yadidya, Brian K. Arbic, Jay F. Shriver, Arin D. Nelson, Edward D. Zaron, and 2 more authors
@article{yadidya2024,year={2024},month=feb,title={Phase‐Accurate Internal Tides in a Global Ocean Forecast Model: Potential Applications for Nadir and Wide‐Swath Altimetry},author={Yadidya, Badarvada and Arbic, Brian K. and Shriver, Jay F. and Nelson, Arin D. and Zaron, Edward D. and Buijsman, Maarten C. and Thakur, Ritabrata},journal={Geophysical Research Letters},doi={10.1029/2023gl107232},_google_scholar_id={5nxA0vEk-isC},number={4},volume={51},dimensions={true},}
2023
Data
Replication Data for: "Phase-accurate internal tides in a global ocean forecast model: Potential applications for nadir and wide-swath altimetry"
@article{yadidya2022cee,year={2022},month=oct,title={Projected climate variability of internal waves in the Andaman Sea},author={Yadidya, B. and Rao, A. D.},journal={Communications Earth \& Environment},doi={10.1038/s43247-022-00574-8},_google_scholar_id={LkGwnXOMwfcC},number={1},volume={3},dimensions={true},}
Sci Rep
Interannual variability of internal tides in the Andaman Sea: an effect of Indian Ocean Dipole
@article{yadidya2022sr,year={2022},month=jun,title={Interannual variability of internal tides in the Andaman Sea: an effect of Indian Ocean Dipole},author={Yadidya, B. and Rao, A. D.},journal={Sci Rep},doi={10.1038/s41598-022-15301-8},pages={11104},number={1},volume={12},_google_scholar_id={_FxGoFyzp5QC},dimensions={true},}
JGR: Oceans
Investigation of Internal Tides Variability in the Andaman Sea: Observations and Simulations
@article{yadidya2022jgr,year={2022},month=apr,title={Investigation of Internal Tides Variability in the Andaman Sea: Observations and Simulations},author={Yadidya, B. and Rao, A. D. and Latha, G.},journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},doi={10.1029/2021jc018321},_google_scholar_id={eQOLeE2rZwMC},number={4},volume={127},dimensions={true},}
2021
Sci Rep
Simulation of diurnal variability in vertical density structure using a coupled model
@article{yadidya2021sr,year={2021},month=may,title={Simulation of diurnal variability in vertical density structure using a coupled model},author={Yadidya, B. and Rao, A. D. and Mohanty, S.},journal={Sci Rep},doi={10.1038/s41598-021-90426-w},_google_scholar_id={W7OEmFMy1HYC},pages={10916},number={1},volume={11},dimensions={true},}
2020
Data
Data used for studying the variability of internal tides in the Andaman Sea
@article{mohanty2019spatial,year={2019},month=may,title={Spatial and Temporal Variability of Semidiurnal Internal Tide Energetics in the Western Bay of Bengal},author={Mohanty, Sachiko and Rao, A. D. and Yadidya, B.},journal={Pure and Applied Geophysics},doi={10.1007/s00024-019-02221-4},_google_scholar_id={u5HHmVD_uO8C},pages={5203--5215},number={11},volume={176},dimensions={true},}